The EPA says it's reversing
course and keeping chlorpyrifos on the market.
That's despite the agency's
earlier conclusion, reached during the Obama administration, that this
pesticide could pose risks to consumers. It's a signal that toxic chemicals
will face less restrictive regulation by the Trump administration.
In its decision, the EPA didn't
exactly repudiate its earlier scientific findings. But the agency did say that
there's still a lot of scientific uncertainty about the risks of chlorpyrifos,
and it said that because of that uncertainty, the court had no right to set a
firm deadline for a decision. A federal court had ordered the EPA to decide by
midnight on Friday whether to ban chlorpyrifos. The Obama administration proposed
this ban back in 2015.
The EPA says it will keep
studying the chemical.
Patti Goldman, from the
environmental group Earth Justice, calls the decision
"unconscionable," and says that her group will fight it in court.
New EPA Administrator Scott
Pruitt made his reputation opposing the agency's regulations, and many farm
organizations expected him to renounce the proposed ban. But doing so would
mean disregarding a substantial pile of scientific evidence that his agency has
assembled on the risks of this chemical.
Our original story continues.
Farmers have been using
chlorpyrifos since 1965. Most of them know it by its trade name, Lorsban. When
Wesley Spurlock, a farmer in the panhandle of Texas, sees worms on his corn or
aphids on his wheat, this is the chemical that he typically loads into his
sprayer.
"This chemical doesn't scare
us at all," he says.
He does wear special clothing to
protect himself, though. Because this chemical attacks the nervous systems of
insects and people. It can cause dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea. So he's
careful when handling it. "You don't spill any of it. It goes into the
sprayer, we don't splash it around and make a mess," he says.
If he's spraying near the house,
he might tell the kids to say inside until the job is done. "By doing all
this, it's a safe product," he says. "It's doing it's job and it's
doing it well."
Fruit and vegetable farmers use
this chemical on citrus trees, strawberries, broccoli and cauliflower. This can
leave residues on those foods in the supermarket. Several environmental
advocacy groups have gone to court to force the EPA to ban the use of chlorpyrifos
by farmers because of the risks that the chemical poses to consumers and to
people who live near fields where it's used.
"Based on the harm that this
pesticide causes, the EPA cannot, consistent with the law, allow it in our
food," says Patti Goldman, an attorney with the environmental advocacy
group Earthjustice.
More than a decade ago, the EPA
banned the spraying of chlorpyrifos indoors to get rid of household bugs.
At that time, though, the EPA
thought that use on the farm posed little risk. The agency was relying on
scientific studies that directly measured the immediate effect of chlorpyrifos
on the nervous system. Residues on food weren't nearly enough to keep nerves
from working normally.
But then new evidence surfaced.
Jim Jones, who was assistant administrator of the EPA and responsible for
pesticide regulation before he left the agency in January, says the new
evidence came from studies in which scientists followed hundreds of mothers and
their newborn children, monitoring their exposure to lots of chemicals. One of
these studies, by researchers at Columbia University, measured the levels of
chlorpyrifos in blood taken from umbilical cords when babies were born.
While the study was going on, the
ban on indoor uses of chlorpyrifos came into effect. So over the course of
those years, scientists were able to gather data on children who had been
exposed to very different levels of the pesticide.
They found that exposure to
chlorpyrifos caused small but measurable differences in brain function. At age
7, the average IQ of children who had been exposed to high levels of
chlorpyrifos was a few percentage points lower than children who hadn't been
exposed to much of the chemical at all. Other studies showed that some people
are much more vulnerable to chlorpyrifos because of their genetic makeup.
The studies suggested that this
chemical was more dangerous than people had previously realized.
Jones says the EPA struggled to
translate the findings of these studies into a prediction of risk from
chlorpyrifos residues on food. For one thing, the agency had to come up with an
estimate of how much chlorpyrifos the women had been exposed to, based on
levels of chlorpyrifos in their blood.
"But once we cracked that
nut, and you had the risk evaluated and in front of you, it became, in my view,
a very straightforward decision, with not a lot of ambiguity in terms of what
you would do," he says.
The law on pesticides is very
strict: It requires "a reasonable certainty that no harm will result"
to consumers or people living in the areas where pesticides are applied.
In 2015, the EPA proposed a ban
on chlorpyrifos.
Dow Agrosciences, the company
that sells chlorpyrifos, insists that a ban is unjustified.
Jim Aidala, a former pesticide
regulator at the EPA who now works as a consultant to Dow, says that many
scientists — including those on a committee that the EPA asked to look at this
question — aren't convinced by the scientific methods the EPA used. "There's
a lot of controversy about this," he says.
But the EPA is facing a deadline,
because of legal challenges from environmental groups, including Earthjustice,
which have submitted a petition that the EPA ban chlorpyrifos. A federal judge
ordered the agency to make a final decision on this petition by March 31.
"I'm waiting with bated
breath for Friday, to see what they're going to go," Jones says. "I
just don't
know what basis they would have to deny the petition [to ban the
chemical], given the vast scientific record that the EPA's got right now."
